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    美國人喜歡短句表達(dá)
    來源:易賢網(wǎng) 閱讀:1254 次 日期:2015-12-04 10:45:07
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    由于美國人生活繁忙、緊張,講求快速,時(shí)間就是金錢,所以近年來許多美國大學(xué)也在推行日常生活的講和寫,不用難字,不寫長句,不含偏見的「三不」。也就是說,盡量使用簡短易懂的白話英語 (Plain English),寫得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使別人可以一目了然,充分了解。這不但可節(jié)省「思索」時(shí)間,也可避免對(duì)方的誤解。還有,老外為了族群和諧相處,也不使用帶有偏見的字眼。以下即為一些例子,以供讀者參考。

    1、尤其在商業(yè)上,報(bào)章雜志或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時(shí)的字眼 (old-fashioned word);

    » 例如:Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure1 of higher learning. (許多人認(rèn)為道德教育是高等知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)

    » Three hundred acres of land is the parameter2 of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英畝的土地是本大學(xué)發(fā)展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,會(huì)更簡單易懂。)

    » This news has been disseminated3 all over the U.S. (這消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?) (動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是:spread, spread, spread)

    » The president of this college is not diminutive4 in size. (這大學(xué)的校長個(gè)子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?)

    » I have to elucidate5 this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。)

    » Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想嘗試當(dāng)個(gè)醫(yī)生) (如果用try代替endeavor,會(huì)更淺白。) (endeavor = try)

    » We hope to visualize6 world peace in the future. (我們希望將來看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單?。?/P>

    » The charitable organization solicits7 for our annual donation. (慈善機(jī)構(gòu)要求我們一年一度樂捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更淺白易懂。)(solicitation是名詞)

    » We don't know what may transpire8 when we have a new boss. (當(dāng)新老板來后,我們不知會(huì)有什么發(fā)生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。)

    » Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提過的事,請(qǐng)盡速辦理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)

    »這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不愿在字典里找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個(gè)字,因?yàn)槲彝瑯涌梢杂谩篶ity』這個(gè)字來代替」。羅斯??偨y(tǒng)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)美國政府不會(huì)遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞里用了這么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后來被人批評(píng)咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!

    2、老外也主張不寫嚕蘇或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應(yīng)該越短越好,一句能用兩個(gè)字,絕不多加一個(gè)。 例如:

    » At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致)(如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因?yàn)?at this point in time = now)

    » Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。) (如果說:Although my English is not…… 就更簡短。因?yàn)閐espite the fact that= although = Though)

    » I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應(yīng)該辭職) (假如說:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)镮 am of the opinion = I think)

    » He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辭職) (若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因?yàn)?due to the fact that = because)

    » In the majority of cases, he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室) (如果說:Usually, he likes to ride…… 更簡單。因?yàn)?in the majority of cases = usually)

    » She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜歡茶而不是咖啡) (若說:She prefers tea rather……更簡短清楚,因?yàn)?show a preference for = prefer)

    » I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)

    如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)?bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意義的重復(fù)或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:

    » The consensus9(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家認(rèn)為我們必須立即行動(dòng))(of opinion 可以省去,因?yàn)?consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。)

    » The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信顯示問題尚未解決)(continue to 是多余的字,因?yàn)?remain 已經(jīng)有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains10 unsolved.)

    » He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演說里做出結(jié)論) (final 是多余的字,因?yàn)?conclusion 已經(jīng)含有 final 的意思。)

    » He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年經(jīng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)) (actual 也是多余的字,因?yàn)?experience 已有 actual 的意味)

    » We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我們裝好收音機(jī)的零件)(因?yàn)?assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)

    » Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因?yàn)?enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上會(huì)議報(bào)告,請(qǐng)查收)

    »寫到這里,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕蘇的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會(huì)議、演講、宴會(huì)時(shí),他的回信只有三個(gè)字「我會(huì)到」(I'll be there)……。也有人打趣的說:「講演或?qū)懽鞯木渥?,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好?!梗↙ike wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)

    此外還有:in reference to = about; draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。

    3、老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區(qū)別,以示「平等」。 例如:

    » Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動(dòng)物)= Man is the smartest animal……。 (如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面動(dòng)詞要用多數(shù),而 man 的后面動(dòng)詞,則用單數(shù))

    » Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發(fā)展這里的經(jīng)濟(jì),似乎缺乏人力資源。)(如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見 manpower = labor11 power = work force = human resources)

    » This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個(gè)小公司昨天請(qǐng)來一名清潔女工)(如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner…也就沒有男女之分了)

    » He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從1998年他就是委員會(huì)主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。) (如指討論會(huì)的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator12。)

    » Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是單數(shù) man 或 woman,其多數(shù)都是 men 或 women。)

    » Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察對(duì)人民應(yīng)該有禮貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別)

    » Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (國會(huì)議員應(yīng)該為其選民說話)(constitute = voter) (我們也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改為 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)

    » Stewardesses14 for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(國際航線的空中小姐有時(shí)會(huì)有時(shí)差疲憊的現(xiàn)象)(如把 stewardess13 改為 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務(wù)員。)

    同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson15;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal16 worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor17 等等。

    »當(dāng)然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:

    »對(duì)黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;

    »對(duì)白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;

    »對(duì)猶太人不要用 Hymies,應(yīng)該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;

    »對(duì)越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;

    »至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據(jù)說西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。

    »還有黑白結(jié)婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。

    »有偏見的老外,不叫華人為 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍)。

    »遇到這種事,怎么辦呢?我建議:「君子不與小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走開」(walk away)。不過老外與你談話時(shí),如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那么你就可以說:「For your information, the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的)。這時(shí),你也可說一句「拜拜」了。

    1 infrastructure UbBz5

    n.下部構(gòu)造,下部組織,基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

    參考例句:

    We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加強(qiáng)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。

    We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加強(qiáng)文化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),發(fā)展各類群眾文化。

    2 parameter eK4xZ

    n.參數(shù),參量

    參考例句:

    It is the parameter of distribution.這就是分布參數(shù)。

    One parameter which always comes into play is the national economy.國民經(jīng)濟(jì)是一個(gè)經(jīng)常起作用的參量。

    3 disseminated c76621f548f3088ff302305f50de1f16

    散布,傳播( disseminate的過去式和過去分詞 )

    參考例句:

    Their findings have been widely disseminated . 他們的研究成果已經(jīng)廣為傳播。

    Berkovitz had contracted polio after ingesting a vaccine disseminated under federal supervision. 伯考維茨在接種了在聯(lián)邦監(jiān)督下分發(fā)的牛痘疫苗后傳染上脊髓灰質(zhì)炎。

    4 diminutive tlWzb

    adj.小巧可愛的,小的

    參考例句:

    Despite its diminutive size,the car is quite comfortable.盡管這輛車很小,但相當(dāng)舒服。

    She has diminutive hands for an adult.作為一個(gè)成年人,她的手顯得非常小。

    5 elucidate GjSzd

    v.闡明,說明

    參考例句:

    The note help to elucidate the most difficult parts of the text.這些注釋有助于弄清文中最難懂的部分。

    This guide will elucidate these differences and how to exploit them.這篇指導(dǎo)將會(huì)闡述這些不同點(diǎn)以及如何正確利用它們。

    6 visualize yeJzsZ

    vt.使看得見,使具體化,想象,設(shè)想

    參考例句:

    I remember meeting the man before but I can't visualize him.我記得以前見過那個(gè)人,但他的樣子我想不起來了。

    She couldn't visualize flying through space.她無法想像在太空中飛行的景象。

    7 solicits 9cf2b44c11f1dc2fe4814e3f61a7f84d

    懇請(qǐng)

    參考例句:

    They were planning to solicit funds from a number of organizations. 他們正計(jì)劃向一些機(jī)構(gòu)募集資金。

    May I solicit your advice on a matter of some importance? 我有一件要事可以請(qǐng)教你嗎? 來自《簡明英漢詞典》

    8 transpire dqayZ

    v.(使)蒸發(fā),(使)排出 ;泄露,公開

    參考例句:

    We do not know what may transpire when we have a new boss.當(dāng)新老板來后,我們不知會(huì)有什么發(fā)生。

    When lack of water,commonly plants would transpire as a way for cool.在缺乏水分時(shí),植物一般用蒸發(fā)作為降溫的手段。

    9 consensus epMzA

    n.(意見等的)一致,一致同意,共識(shí)

    參考例句:

    Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我們能在這個(gè)問題上取得一致意見嗎?

    What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午會(huì)議上一致的意見是什么?

    10 remains 1kMzTy

    n.剩余物,殘留物;遺體,遺跡

    參考例句:

    He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。

    The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.殘羹剩飯喂狗了。

    11 labor P9Tzs

    n.勞動(dòng),努力,工作,勞工;分娩;vi.勞動(dòng),努力,苦干;vt.詳細(xì)分析;麻煩

    參考例句:

    We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬。

    He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艱苦勞動(dòng)兩周后,他已經(jīng)疲憊不堪了。

    12 coordinator Gvazk6

    n.協(xié)調(diào)人

    參考例句:

    The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, headed by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, coordinates all UN emergency relief. 聯(lián)合國人道主義事務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)廳在緊急救濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)聯(lián)合國的所有緊急救濟(jì)工作。

    How am I supposed to find the client-relations coordinator? 我怎么才能找到客戶關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)員的辦公室?

    13 stewardess BUkzw

    n.空中小姐,女乘務(wù)員

    參考例句:

    Please show your ticket to the stewardess when you board the plane.登機(jī)時(shí)請(qǐng)向空中小姐出示機(jī)票。

    The stewardess hurried the passengers onto the plane.空中小姐催乘客趕快登機(jī)。

    14 stewardesses 1d7231e44b525dfb926043ab47aac26c

    (飛機(jī)上的)女服務(wù)員,空中小姐( stewardess的名詞復(fù)數(shù) )

    參考例句:

    If you need help, stewardesses will be pleased to help you. 如果你需要幫忙的話,空中小姐會(huì)很高興為你效勞。

    Stewardesses on planes should be employed for their ability, not for their looks. 應(yīng)該根據(jù)能力而不是容貌來錄用飛機(jī)上的女服務(wù)員。

    15 salesperson 7Yoxa

    n.售貨員,營業(yè)員,店員

    參考例句:

    A salesperson works in a shop.售貨員在商店工作。

    Vanessa is a salesperson in a woman's wear department.凡妮莎是女裝部的售貨員。

    16 postal EP0xt

    adj.郵政的,郵局的

    參考例句:

    A postal network now covers the whole country.郵路遍及全國。

    Remember to use postal code.勿忘使用郵政編碼。

    17 supervisor RrZwv

    n.監(jiān)督人,管理人,檢查員,督學(xué),主管,導(dǎo)師

    參考例句:

    Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit.我們私下說,我認(rèn)為新來的主管人是一個(gè)傻瓜。

    He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor.他說我太輕浮不能成為一名好的管理員。

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